The -in suffix is not exclusively Suavic. And yet one might think that it’s most common employers are Suavs. Not so. If you look at the map of France it appears everywhere but is concentrated in very specific locations. Note that the map below is hardly scientific. For example, the -in suffix is a common suffix in French names and so you have a number of Saints that bear this name which then translates to various Saint Bertins, Audins, etc. The below does not exclude those.

Nevertheless, it is interesting to see that the -in names are concentrated in three parts, the first of which is impressive:

• central portion of Gallia Belgica
• northwest Bretagne
• south of Lyon around Vienne

On this topic Caesar says the following:

“Gaul is a whole divided into three parts, one of which is inhabited by the Belgae, another by the Aquitani, and a third by a people called in their own tongue Celtae, in the Latin Galli. All these are different one from another in language, institutions, and laws.”

“The Galli (Gauls) are separated from the Aquitani by the river Garonne, from the Belgae by the Marne and the Seine.”

“Of all these peoples the Belgae are the most courageous, because they are farthest removed from the culture and civilization of the Province, and least often visited by merchants introducing the commodities that make for effeminacy; and also because they are nearest to the Germans dwelling beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually at war.”

“For this cause the Helvetii also excel the rest of the Gauls in valour, because they are struggling in almost daily fights with the Germans, either endeavouring to keep them out of Gallic territory or waging an aggressive warfare in German territory. The separate part of the country which, as has been said, is occupied by the Gauls, starts from the river Rhone, and is bounded by the river Garonne, the Ocean, and the territory of the Belgae; moreover, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii, it touches on the river Rhine; and its general trend is northward.”

“The Belgae, beginning from the edge of the Gallic territory, reach to the lower part of the river Rhine, bearing towards the north and east.’

“Aquitania, starting from the Garonne, reaches to the Pyrenees and to that part of the Ocean which is by Spain: its bearing is between west and north.”

All these internet maps of ancient Gaul are based on that passage.

Interestingly, Cassius Dio says the following (53, 12): “For some of the Celts, whom we call Germans, had occupied all the Belgic territory along the Rhine and caused it to be called Germany.”

Thayer, the translator had this to say: “whether he means there that all Celts are Germans, or merely that all Germans are a sub-group of Celts, is unclear.” Further he notes that Dio “regularly uses the word ‘Celts’ in place of ‘Germans’; to avoid confusion, however, the usual term has been adopted in the translation.”

“For some of the Celts, whom we call Germans, had occupied all the Belgic territory along the Rhine and caused it to be called Germany.”

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The Slavs of Origo Gentis Langobardorum may seem a rather strange title considering that, on its face, that short work does seem to contain any references to Slavs. And yet… we have:

• Winnili – Slavs conquered by the disembarking Lombards?
• Anthaib – the country of the Antes?
• Bainaib – Bohemia?
• Lethuc – Leszek?
• Lalamicho, Tato, Zuchilo – Zuch?
• Suavians – Slavs?
• Wisigarda – think Visegrád

The Origo is a seventh century work (oldest manuscript is Modena from the ninth century) that served as a source for the beginnings of Lombard History later found in Paul the Deacon’s work (see here and here). Further, the Origo was later reworked in the Gotha Codex which, though later, contains references to such Lombard rulers as Godoin, Peron and Winsilan (see here), not to mention the reference to Bohemian Slavs, that is Czechs as the Beowinidi. Perhaps later there will be time for the Gotha Codex. For now, the basic version of the Origo is below. Since it is so short, I include the full document.

The English translation is by William Dudley Foulkes. The Latin text comes from the Georg Waitz edition for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Hanover, 1878). The manuscript is the Codex 413 from the Biblioteca Nacionale in Madrid.

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Part I
English

There is an island [1] that is called Scadanan,[2] which is interpreted “destruction,” [3] in the regions of the north, where many people dwell. Among these there was a small people that was called the Winniles. And with them was a woman, Gambara by name, and she had two sons. Ybor was the name of one and Agio the name of the other. They, with their mother, Gambara by name, held the sovereignty over the Winniles. Then the leaders of the Wandals, that is, Ambri and Assi, moved with their army, and said to the Winniles: “Either pay us tributes or prepare yourselves for battle and fight with us.” Then answered Ybor and Agio, with their mother Gambara: “It is better for us to make ready the battle than to pay tributes to the Wandals.” Then Ambri and Assi, that is, the leaders of the Wandals, asked Godan that he should give them the victory over the Winniles. Godan answered, saying: “Whom I shall first see when at sunrise, to them will I give the victory.” At that time Gambara with her two sons, that is, Ybor and Agio, who were chiefs over the Winniles, besought Frea, the wife of Godan, to be propitious to the Winnilis. Then Frea gave counsel that at sunrise the Winniles should come, and that their women, with their hair let down around the face in the likeness of a beard, should also come with their husbands. Then when it became bright, while tlie sun was rising, Frea, the wife of Godan, turned around the bed where her husband was lying and put his face toward the east and awakened him. And he, looking at them, saw the Winniles and their women having their hair let down around the face. And he says, “Who are those Long-beards?” And Frea said to Godan, “As you have given them a name, give them also the victory.” And he gave them the victory, so that they should defend themselves according to bis counsel and obtain the victory. From that time the Winniles were called Langobards.

[1] The Madrid and La Cava manuscripts in place of “There is an island” have ”That is under the consul” which is evidently a corruption (see Mommscn, p. 60, note 2). [2] “Scadan” says the Modena MS., “Scandanan,” the La Cava MS.
[3] Exscidia (Modena MSS.). A derivation pointing to the Gothic word ‘skattigan’, to injure, German Schaden, English scathe (Hodg., VI, 90). Mommsen considers this a later interpolation to be rejected (p. 60, note 3).

Part I
Latin

Est(b) insula qui(c) dicitur Scadanan(d), quod interpretatur excidia(e), in partibus(f) aquilonis, ubi multae gentes(g) habitant(h); inter quos(i) erat gens parva quae Winnilis(k) vocabatur. Et erat cum eis mulier nomine Gambara, habebatque(l) duos filios, nomen uni Ybor et nomen alteri Agio(m); ipsi cum matre sua(n) nomine Gambara(o) principatum tenebant(p) super Winniles(q). Moverunt se ergo(r) duces Wandalorum(s), id est Ambri(t) et Assi(u), cum exercitu suo(v), et dicebant ad Winniles(w): ‘Aut solvite(x)nobis(v) tributa, aut praeparate vos ad pugnain et pugnate nobiscum’. Tunc responderunt Ybor et Agio cum matre sua Gambara(z) : ‘Melius est nobis pugnam praeparare(a), quam Wandalis(b) tributa persolvere’. Tunc Ambri(c) et Assi, hoc(d) est duces Wandalorum, rogaverunt Godan(e) (*) ut daret(f) eis super Winniles victoriam(g). Respondit Godan dicens(h): ‘Quos sol(i) surgente antea videro, ipsis dabo victoriam’. Eo(k) tempore Gambara cum duobus filiis suis, id es(l) Ybor et Agio(m), qui principes(n) erant super Winniles, rogaverunt(o) Fream, [uxorem(p) Godam], ut ad Winniles(q) esset propitia. Tunc Frea dedit consilium, ut(r) sol surgente venirent Winniles et mulieres eorum crines solutae circa faciem in similitudinem barbae et cum viris suis venirent. Tunc luciscente(s) sol dum surgeret, giravit Frea, uxor 

(*) 2 add. in margine: Godam gentes deum Mercurium colebant.

a) IN N. D. NOSTRI JHESU CHRISTI I. HORIGO G. NOSTRE L. 1b; in codice 2 paucae, tantum litterae legi possunt.   b) Erat 2; id est sub consule qui 1a; id est consuli qui 1b.   c) quae superscr. quadam 2.   d) Scadan 2, ubi in margine: id est scan…dan.   e) deest 1a. b; exindia superscr. al. excidia 2. Excidia est interpretatio vocis Langobardicae scadan, nostrum schaden. BETHM.   f) partis 1b.   g) multa gens 1b.   h) inhabitabant 2.   i) quibus 1b; quas 2.   k) Guinnilis 1a;, Winnolis 1b; Winili 2.   l) quae habebat 2.   m) Aio 1a const.; Agyo 2.   n) dees 1a, litteris tribus vel quatuor abscisis.   o) qui in margine add. 2.   p) tenebat 1a.   q) Vinnolis 1b; Winilis 2.   r) ergo se 2.   s) Guand. 1a const.   t) Imbriü 2.   u) Tassit 1b const.   v) exercitibus suis 1a.   w) Winnilos 2.   x) per superscr. 2.   y) deest 1a.   z) deest 1a.; G. superscr. nomine 2; dicentes add. 1b.   a) parare 1a.   b) Guandalis 1a. b const.; Wandali 2.   c) Imbriü 2.   d) h. e. des. 2.   e) Godam 2 semper.   f) diceret Knust in 1b legit.   g) posthaec in 1b foliumn excidit, in quo erant sequentia usque regem non habu.   h) et dixit 2.   i) sole 2.   k) Eodem 2.   l) i. e. desunt 2.   m) Abyo 2.   n) er. pr. 2.   o) rogaberunt 1a; iterum ierunt et superscr. 2.   p) des. 1a; Godā 2.   q) tut Winili 2.   r) ut cum sol surgeret, Winili cum uxoribus suis solutis crinibus circa facies suas in similitudinem barbe (cum viros suos superscr.) venirent 2.   s) l. caelo dum sol 2.

1) habebatque: quae habebat; sol surgente: cum sol surgeret; ad Winniles esset propitia: Winnili(s) esset propitia; ad partem orienti: ad p. orientalem; a parte: ex parte. Et multa ejusmodi

Godan, lectum ubi recumbebat vir eius, et fecit faciem eius contra orientem, et excitavit eum. Et(a) ille aspiciens vidit Winniles et mulieres ipsorum(b) habentes crines solutas circa faciem; et ait(c): ‘Qui sunt isti longibarbae'(d) (*)? Et(e) dixit Frea ad Godan: ‘Sicut(f) dedisti nomen, da illis(g) et victoriam’. Et(h)dedit eis victoriam, ut ubi visum esset vindicarent se et victoriam haberent. Ab illo tempore Winnilis Langobardi(i) vocati sunt.

a) At 2.   b) eorum crinibus solutis circa facis suas (superscr.imodum barbe) 2.   c) dixit 2.   d) longobarbii 2.   e) deest 2.   f) domine superscr. postquam 2.   g) eis 2.   h) et d. e. v. desunt 2, qui pergit: ubi illorum est vindicare et v.   i) Longob. 1a saepius; facti sunt Langobardi 2, ubi in margine: vocati sunt.

*) 2 add. in margine: [lan]g id est lon[gus],bard id est [ba]rbam, a quo [vo]cati Bunt Lan[go]bardi.

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Part II
English

And the Langobards moved thence and came to Golaida and afterwards they occupied the aldionates of Anthaib and Bainaib and also Burgundaib. And it is said that they made for themselves a king, Agilmund by name, the son of Agio, of the race of Gugingus. And after him reigned Laiamicho of the race of Gugingus.[1] And after him reigned Lethuc and it is said that he reigned about forty years. And after him reigned Aldihoc the son of Lethuc. And after him reigned Godehoc.

[1] The words “Of the race of Gugingus” are omitted in the Modena MSS. and Mommsen regards them (p. 68) as an interpolation (see also Bruckner Zeitschrift fur deutsches Alterthum, p. 56).

Part II
Latin

Et moverunt(k) se exhinde Langobardi, et venerunt in Golaidam(l), et postea possiderunt aldonus(m) (1) Anthaib(n)et Bainaib(o) seu(p) et Burgundaib(q); et(r) dicitur, quia fecerunt sibi regem nomine(s) Agilmund(t), filium Agioni(u), ex(v) genere Gugingus. Et post ipsum regnavit Laiamicho(w) (2)ex(x) genere Guginguns. Et post ipsum(y) regnavit Lethuc(z), et(a) dicitur, quia(b) regnasset annos plus minus quadraginta(c). Et post ipsum regnavit Aldihoc(d), filius Lethuc. Et post ipsum regnavit Godehoc(e).

k) m, s. e. L. et des. 2.   l) Golaida 2; Golanda Paulus.   m) aldones 2, qui in margy. add.: aldoin (id est aldoinus).   n) Anthabus 1a; Anthaip 2; Anthaib et Anthab Pauli codd.   o) Banayb corr. Baynaib 2; Bant(h)aib Paul.   p) bet B. 1a.   q) Burgathaibus 1a; Burgundaib et Vurg. P. codd.   r) qui ibi fecerunt 2.   s) deest 2.   t) Agelmund 2.   u) Aio 1a; Agyoni 2.   v) ex genere Gugingus in marg. suppl. 2.   w) Lamicho 2.   x) ex g. G. des. 2.   y) deinde r. 2.   z) Leth 2; Lethu, Lethuc, Leth P. codd.   a) unde 2.   b) quia regnavit p. m. annis q. 2.   c) et post ipsum regnavit Lethum add. 2; ubi sequentia post suppleta vix jam legi possunt.   d) Ilde.. …. e… (ius) 2.   e) Godeoc 2.

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Part III
English

At that time king Audoachari went forth from Ravenna with the army of the Alani and came into Rugiland and fought with the Rugians and killed Theuvane king of the Rugians, and led many captives with him into Italy. Then the Langobards departed from their own territories and dwelt some years in Rugiland.

Part III
Latin

Illo(f) tempore exivit rex Audoachari(g) de Ravenna cum exercitu Alanorum(h), {anno 487} et venit in Rugilanda(i) et inpugnavit(k) Rugos, et occidit(l) Theuvane(d) (3), regem Rugorum, secumque(n)multos captivos duxit in Italiam. Tunc exierunt(o) Langobardi de suis regionibus, et habitaverunt in Rugilanda annos aliquantos.

f) In illo 2.   g) Audacharus 2.   h) ….norum 2.   i) Rudilanda Goth. et ita postea; Rugianda corr. Rugilanda 2.   k) et pugnavit cum Ruges 2.   l) occisit 2.   m) Thecuane 2; Fewane Goth.   n) et secum d. m. c. 2.   o) surrexerunt 2.

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Part IV
English

Claffo, the son of Godehoc reigned after him. And after him reigned Tato the son of Claffo. The Langobards settled three years in the fields of Feld. Tato fought with Rodolf king of the Heruli and killed him and carried off his banner (vando) and helmet. After him the Heruli had no kingly office. And Wacho the son of Unichis killed king Tato his paternal uncle together with Zuchilo. And Wacho fought, and Ildichis the son of Tato fought, and Ildichis fled to the Gippidi where he died. And to avenge his wrong the Gypidis made war with the Langobards. At this time Wacho bent the Suavians under the dominion of the Langobards. Wacho had three wives: (first) Raicunda, daughter of Fisud king of the Turingi. After her he took as his wife Austrigusa a girl of the Gippidi. [1] And Wacho had from Austrigusa two daughters; the name of one was Wisigarda whom he gave in marriage to Theudipert king [2] of the Franks, and the name of the second was Walderada whom Scusuald king of the Franks had as his wife, but having her in hatred he transferred her to Garipald for a wife. He had as his third wife the daughter of the king of the Heruli, Silinga by name. From her he had a son, Waltari by name. Wacho died and his son Waltari reigned seven years without posterity.[3] These were all Lethinges.

[1] Jacobi, 20, note 4. [2] Read ‘regi’ with Modena MS. in place of ‘regis’. [3] “Farigaidus” (Bruckner, pp. 19, 203).

Part IV
Latin

Post eum(p) regnavit Claffo, filius Godehoc(q). Et post ipsum regnavit Tato(r), filius Claffoni(s). Sederunt Langobardi in campis(t) Feld annos(u) tres. Pugnavit(v) Tato cum Rodolfo rege Herulorum(w), et occidit eum, tulit(x) vando(y) (**) ipsius et capsidem. Post(z) {a. 506-510} eum Heruli(w) regnum(a) non habuerunt(b). Et occidit Wacho(c), filius Unichis(d), Tatonem regem barbanem(e) suum cum Zuchilone(f). Et pugnavit Wacho, et(g), pugnavit Ildichis(h), filius Tatoni(i), et fugit Ildichis(k) ad Gippidos(l), ubi(m)mortuus est. Iniuria(n) vindicanda  {circa 530-540} Gippidi(o) scandalum commiserunt cum Langobardis. Eo tempore inclinavit(p) Wacho

**) 2 super bandos scr.: id est arma, et super capsides: quod nos elmos dicimus,

p) Et postea 2.   q) Godeho 1a; Gedehoc 2.   r) Tatto Goth.   s) Claffonis 1a; Clafonis 2.   t) campo Feldach 2; c. filda Goth.   u) annis tribus 2.   v) et p. 2.   w) Her. 1a.   x) et t, 2.   y) bandos ipsius et capsides 2.   z) et postea Eruli 2.   a) regem 1b.   c) Vacho 1a; Wacco 1b const.   d) Hilmichis 1b; in 2 legi non potest.   e) barbanum suum 1a; barbane suo 1b.   f) Zuchilonem 1b; Zuchilone 2; Uinsilane Goth.   g) W. cum Ildechis filium 2.   h) Ilmichis 1b.   i) Tatonis 1a.   k) Ilmichis 1b; Ildechis 2; Heldechis Goth.   l) Gypidas 1a; Gippidos 1b; Gyppidos 2; Gibidos Goth.   m) et mortuus est ibi 2.   n) iniuriam eius vindicanda. 1a; est iniuria vindicanda. G. 1b; in iniuria vindicanda. et G. 2.   o) Gypidis 1a; Gyppidi 1b; Gypidi 2; Gibites Goth.   p) s. l. gavit 2.

Suavos(a) sub regno Langobardorum(b). Wacho habuit uxores tres(c): Raicundam(d), filia(e) Fisud(f) regis Turingorum(g); et(h) postea accepit(i) uxorem Austrigusa(k), filiam Gippidorum(l); et habuit Wacho de Austrigusa filias duas, nomen unae(m) Wisigarda(n), quam(o) tradidit in matrimonium(p) Theudiperti(q)regis Francorum; et nomen secundae Walderada(r), quam(s) habuit uxorem Scusuald(t) (1) rex Francorum, quam(u) odio habens, tradidit eam Garipald(v) in uxorem*. Filia(w) regis Herulorum tertiam(x)uxorem habuit nomen Silinga(y); de ipsa habuit filium nomine Waltari(z). Mortuus(a) est Wacho(b), et(c)regnavit filius(d) ipsius Waltari(e) {circa 540} annos septem; farigaidus(f): isti omnes Lethinges(g)fuerunt.

*) 2 add.: principem Baioariorum.

a) Suavor’ 1b; Suabos 2.   b) Long. 1a.   c) t. u. 2.   d) Raicumdam 1a; Rathecunda 1b; una nomine Red..unda 2; Ranigunda Goth.; Ranicuuda, Radicunda, Radegunda, P. codd.   e) filiam 1a,   f) Fisut 1b; sud 2? Pisen Goth.   g) Thur. 1b.   h) deest 2; et post eam 1b.   i) aliam duxit uxorem nomine A. 2.   k) Austrigosam 1b; Austrecusa Goth.; Hostrigosa et Austrigosa P. codd.   l) Gypidorum 1a; Gyppidorum 1b. 2; Gibedorum Goth.  m) uni 2.   n) Guiselgarda 1a; Guisecarda 1b; uiuiscarda 2; Wisicharda Goth.   o) quem 1b.   p) matrimonio 2.   q) Teudiperti 1b; Teodeperti regi 2.   r) Gualderada 1a. b; Walderata Goth.   s) quem 1b; quam – Francorum des. 2.   t) Excusobald 1b; Chusubald Goth.; Cusupald Paul.   u) quem 1b.   v) Garispald 1a? Gairepaldi u. 1b; Garibaldi ad u. 2.   w) filio 1a.   x) Et tertia filias r. Erul. n. 1b; Et postea accepit Wacho tertiam uxorem filiam regis Erulorum 2; ad quam Goth. prope accedit.   y) Esilinga 1a; Sigelenda 1b; Silinda 2; Silenga Goth.; Salingam Paul.   z) Gualtari 1b; Walterenem Goth.   a) Et mortuus 2.   b) Guacco 1b.   c) deest 1b.   d) filium eius post ipsum 1b.   e) Gualtari 1a. b.   f) et fairagaldus 1b; deest 2; fargaetum Goth.; quod est linguae Germaniae inferioris vergeten, nobis vergessen, ut primus Pertz vidit. Est enim parenthesis auctoris, id quod supra ponere oblitus erat hic supplentis. BETHM.   g) Letbingis 1b; Letiguimi 2 (leti vel letig a prima manu; altera addiditiiimi vel gitimi, scribcre volens ut videtur legitimi. BETHM.); adelingi Goth. et aliquot Pauli codd. 

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Part V
English

And after Waltari, reigned Auduin.[1] He led the Langobards into Pannonia. And there reigned after him Albuin, his son, whose mother is Rodelenda. At that time Albuin fought with the king of the Gippidi, Cunimund by name, and Cunimund died in that battle and the Gippidi were subjugated. Albuin took as his wife Cunimund’s daughter Rosemund, whom he had captured as booty, since his wife Flutsuinda, who was the daughter of Flothar, king of the Franks, had already died. From her he had a daughter by name Albsuinda. And the Langobards dwelt forty-two years [2] in Pannonia. This Albuin led into Italy the Langobards who were invited by Narses (chief) of the secretaries. And Albuin, king of the Langobards, moved out of Pannonia in the month of April after [3] Easter in the first indiction. In the second indiction, indeed, they began to plunder in Italy, but in the third indiction he became master of Italy. Albuin reigned in Italy three years, and was killed in Verona in the palace by Rosemund his wife and Hilmichis upon the advice of Peritheo. Hilmichis wished to be king and could not because the Langobards wanted to slay him. Then Rosemund sent word to the prefect Longinus that he should receive her in Ravenna. When Longinus presently heard this he rejoiced; he sent a ship of the public service and they brought Rosemund and Hilmichis and Albsuinda, king Albuin’s daughter, and conducted all the treasures of the Langobards with them to Ravenna. Then the prefect Longinus began to persuade Rosemund to kill Hilmichis and become the wife of Longinus. Having given ear to his counsel, she mixed poison and, after the bath, gave it to him (Hilmichis) to drink in a goblet.[4] But when Hilmichis had drunk, he knew that he had drunk something pernicious. He commanded that Rosemund herself should drink, although unwilling, and they both died. Then the prefect Longinus took the treasure of the Langobards and commanded Albsuinda, the daughter of king Albuin, to be put in a ship, and sent her over to Constantinople to the emperor.

[1] “Of the stock of Gausus” says the list of kings in Rothari’s Prologue (Mon. Germ. Hist. Leges, IV, 2). [2] The Modena MS. says twelve. Neither number is correct. They probably remained there about twenty-two years. [3] ‘A Pascha’, (Waitz, p. II, 7, note.) [4] Thus Abel translates ‘in caldo’ (p. 6), or perhaps it is “In a hot potion.”

Part V
Latin

Et post Waltari regnavit Auduin(h) {circa 546} ipse(i) adduxit Langobardos(k) in Pannonia. Et(l)regnavit Albuin(m) {circa 560}, filius ipsius, post eum, cui mater est(n) Rodelenda(o). Eo tempore pugnavit Albuin(p) cum rege Gippidorum(q) {anno 567} nomine Cunimund(r), et mortuus est Cunimund in(s) ipsa pugna, et debellati sunt Gippidis(t). Tulit Albuin uxore(u) Rosemunda, filia Cunimundi, quae(v)praedaverat(2), quia iam mortua fuerat(w) uxor ipsius Flutsuinda(x), quae(y) fuit filia Flothario(z) regis Francorum; de qua habuit filia(a) nomine Albsuinda(b). Et habitaverunt Langobardi in Pannonia annis guadraginta duo(c) (3). Ipse Albuin adduxit Langobardos in Italia(d), invitatos(e) a Narsete(f) scribarum(g); et movit(h) Albuin rex Langobardorum(i) de Pannonia mense(k) Aprilis(l) {anno 568} a pascha indictione prima(m). Secunda(n) vero indictione(o) coeperunt(p) praedare in(q) Italia. Tertia autem indictione factus est dominus Italiae. {569-570} Regnavit(r) Albuin in Italia annos tres, et occisus est in Verona in palatio ab

h) Audohin 1b; Audoinus 2.   i) et ipse 1a.   k) Longobardis 1a.   l) Et post Audoinum r. filius eius A., cui 2.   m) Albohin 1b; Alboinus 2.   n) fuit 2. Goth.   o) Rodelinda 2.   p) Alboin 1b; Alboinus 2.   q} Gebedorum Goth.   r) Cunimundum 1b.   s) i. i. p. post suppl. 2.   t) Gyppidi 1b. 2; Gebeti Goth.   u) uxorem 1b. Et accepit Alboinus in uxorem ….mund. filiam 2; Rosemoniam Goth.   v) quem 1b; quam 2.   w) erat 2.   x) Floasuinda 1b; Flotsinda 2; Ludusenda Goth.   y) qui 1b,   z) Flodthario 1b; Lotharii 2; Flothari Goth.   a) filiam 2.   b) Absoinda 1b; A….nda 2.   c) annos quadraginta 1b; XIIdecim 2.   d) Italiam 2.   e) invitatus 1b.   f) Narsi 1a.   g) patricio 1b; deest 2.   h) mobuit 1a.   i)deest 2.   k) in m. 2.   l) Aprelis 1b.   m) in prima ind. 2.   n) In secunda 2.   o) i. incipiente Goth.   p) c. p. in It. Tertia a. des. 2.   q) deest 1b.   r) Et regnavit 2. 5

1) i. e. Theudobald; cf Gregor. Tur. IV, 9.    2) Cf. Theophylact, VI, 10. BETHM.    3) Neque hic neque numerus 12 recte se habet. Si enim 42 annis in Pannonia habitassent, non Auduini sed Waltari temporibus in Pannoniam venissent. Quos vero quam Procopius III, 33 jam a. 548. in Pannonia sedisse noverit, numerus quoque 12 stare non potest. Goth. correxit: 22. BETHM,

Hilmichis(a) et Rosemunda(b) uxore(c) sua per consilium Peritheo(d). Voluit(e) regnare Hilmichis, et non potuit, quia volebant eum Langobardi occidere. Tunc mandavit Rosemunda ad Longinum praefectum, ut eam(f) reciperet Ravenna(e). Mox(h) ut audivit Longinus, gavisus est, misit(i) navem angarialem, et tulerunt Rosemunda et Hilmichis(k) et Albsuindam(l), filia(m) Albuin(n) regis, et omnes thesauros Langobardorum secum duxerunt(o) in(p) Ravenna. Tunc ortare(q) coepit Longinus praefectus(r)Rosemunda(s), ut occideret Hilmichis(t) et esset uxor Longini(u). Audito(v) consilium(w) ipsius, temperavit venenum, et post valneum(x) dedit ei(y) in caldo(z) bibere. Cumque bibisset(a) Hilmichis(b), intellexit(c), quod malignum(d) bibisset(a); praecepit, ut ipsa(e) Rosemunda biberet invita(f); et(g) mortui sunt ambo. Tunc Longinus praefectus tulit thesauros(h) Langobardorum, et Albsuinda(i), filia(k), Albuin regis, iussit(l) ponere in navem et transmisit(m) eam Constantinopolim(n) ad imperatorem.

a) Ilmichis 1a; Elme corr. Elnechis 2.   b) Rosimunda 2.   c) uxorem suam 2.   d) Peredeo 1a; Peredei Goth.   e) Et voluit 2.   f) eos 1a.   g) Ravennam 1b; in Ravennam 2.   h) Mox – est des. 1b.   i) et misit in navem augariales 2; m. movere angarias Goth.   k) Ilmichis 1b; Ermichis 2.   l) Absuinda 1b; Elsuinda 2.   m) filiam 1a.   n) Alboini 2.   o) adduxit 1b.   p) deest 1a.   q) ortari 2.   r) Longinum prefectum 1a; quocum facit Goth.   s) Rosimundam 2.   t) Ilm. hoc loco 1b et postea etiam 1a.   u) Longinis 1a.   v) et audito 2.   w) consilio 1b. 2.   x) balneo 1b; balneum 2.   y) ei post add. 2.   z) callido 2.   a) vivisset 1b.   b) Ildichis 1b.   c) mox i. 1b.   d) ita 1a et Goth.; mortiferum potum 1b; malum 2.   e) et i. 1b.   f) invito 1a; invitus 2.   g) cum autem bibisset ipsa 1b; qui cum bibisset 2.   h) thesaurum 1b. 2.   i) Absoinda 1b; Alsuinda 2.   k) filiam Alboini et 2.   l) deest 1a; i. earn 1b; i. e. p. in n. des. 2.   m) deest 1b; eam post add. 2.   n) in C. 2.

1) Quod falsum esse patet; regnavit a. fere 26. Excidit Adaloaldus sive Adelwaldus, injuria sive auctoris sive scriptoris, qui 10 annis Langobardis praefuit. Quod codex Cavensis (1b) corrigere voluit.

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Part VI
English

The rest of the Langobards set over themselves a king named Cleph, of the stock of Beleos, and Cleph reigned two years and died. And the dukes of the Langobards administered justice for twelve years and after these things they set up over themselves a king named Autari, the son of Cleph. And Autari took as his wife Theudelenda, a daughter of Garipald and of Walderada from Bavaria. And with Theudelenda came her brother named Gundoald, and king Autari appointed him duke in the city of Asta. And Autari reigned seven years. And Acquo,[1] the Thuringian duke,[2] departed from Turin and united himself with queen Theudelenda and became king of the Langobards. And he killed his rebel dukes Zangrolf of Verona, Mimulf of the island of St. Julian and Gaidulf of Bergamo, and others who were rebels. And Acquo begot of Theudelenda a daughter, Gunperga [3] by name. And Acquo reigned six years, and after him Aroal reigned twelve years.[4] And after him reigned Rothari, of the race of Arodus, and he destroyed the city and fortresses of the Romans which were around the coasts from the neighborhood of Luna [5] up to the land of the Franks and in the east up to Ubitergium (Oderzo). And he fought near the river Scultenna, [6] and there fell on the side of the Romans the number of eight thousand.

[1] Aggo in Modena MSS. [2] ‘Turingus’. Perhaps this merely means that he was duke of Turin. “Of the stock of Anawas” adds the Prologue to Rothari’s Edict (Mon. Germ. Hist. Leges, Vol. IV, p. 2). [3] “And a son named Adwald” adds the Modena MSS. [4] In the Prologue, “Arioald of the race of Caupus.” The text here seems greatly corrupted. Paul and the Chronicon Gothanum give Agilulf’s reign at 25 years and that of his son Adalwald (here omitted) at 10 years. [5] Northwest of Lucca. [6] In Modena.

Part VI
Latin

Reliqui(o) Langobardi levaverunt sibi regem nomine Cleph(p) de Beleos {572-574}, et regnavit Cleph(q) annos duos, et mortuus est. Et(r) iudicaverunt duces Langobardorum annos duodecim(s) ; posthaec(t) levaverunt(u) sibi regem nomine Autarine(v), {circa 583} filio Claffoni(w); et accepit Autari(x)uxorem Theudelenda(y), filia Garipald(z) et Walderade(a) de Baiuaria(b). Et venit cum Theudelenda(c)frater(d) ipsius nomine Gundoald(e), et ordinavit eum Autari rex ducem in civitatem(f) Astense. Et regnavit Autari annos septem. {590} Et exivit Acquo(g) dux Turingus(h) de Thaurinis(i), et iunxit se Theudelendae(k) reginae, et factus est rex(l) Langobardorum: et occidit duces(m) revelles suos, Zangrolf(n) de Verona, Mimulf(o) de insula Sancti Juliani(p) et Gaidulf(q) de Bergamum(r), et(s) alios qui(t)revelles fuerunt; et genuit Acquo(u) de Theodelenda filiam nomine Gunperga(v). Et regnavit Acquo(w)annos 6(1) {626}. Et post ipso regnavit Aroal annos duodecim. Et post ipso(x) regnavit Rothari {636}ex(y) genere Arodus(z), et rupit civitatem(a) vel(b) castra Romanorum quae fuerunt circa litora(c) 

o) R. vero 2.   p) Leph 1a; Clep de Belleo erasa litera s 2.   q) Clep 2.   r) Et postea 2.   s) regem non habentes add. 1b.   t) et p. 1a; postea 2.   u) s. l. 1a.   v) Autarine 1a; Authari 1b. 2; Autarenem Goth.   w) Clephoni 1b; Cleffonis Goth.   x) Authari 1b. 2 const.   y) Theodelenda 1b; Teodelinda 2.   z) Garispald 1a; Gairipaldi 1b; Garibaldi 2.   a) Alderade 1a; Gualderada 1b.   b) Baioria 1b; de Baioaria post. add. 2.   c) Teodelinda 2; ea 1b.   d) fratrem 1a.   e) Gunduald 2.   f) civitate Astense 2.   g) Aquo 1b. Aggo 2; Agilwald Goth.   h) Thuringus 1a.   i) Taurinis 2.   k) Theodel. 1b; Teodelinde 2.   l) dominus 2.   m) duos (superscr. duces) rebelles (suos, hoc sunt superser.) 2.   n) Zangrolfum 1b; Gangulf 2;   o) Minulfu 1b; Mingulf 2; Mimolfo Goth.   p) Iulii 2; Iuli Goth.   q) Gaidolfum 1b.   r) Pergamum 1b. Goth.   s) seu et 2.   t) q. eis 1b.   u) Aggo de Teulinda filiam unam nom. Gumperga et filium unum nom. Adroald 2; et filio nomine Adelwald add. Goth.   v) Gudepergam Goth.   w) Et regnavit Adroald a. XII et post ipsum regn. Airoald a. VII. 1b. Et regnavit Adroald post mortem patris sui annis XII (corr. XIII) 2.   x) ipsum 1b. 2.   y) do ex 1a.   z) Arodum 1a; Arodus superscr. al 2.   a) civitates 2.   b) suhél (suhec?) 1a.   c) litoralia 1a; litoria 1b.

apriso(a) Lune usque in terra(b) Francorum quam Ubitergium(c) ad partem orienti(d), et pugnavit circa fluvium Scultenna, et ceciderunt a(e) parte Romanorum octo milia numerus(f).

a) apersolone 1b; a prope 2; est Italorum appresso.   b) terram 2.   c) Ubisergius 1b; Ubiterga (manu sec. add. vertit) 2; Opitergium Paul.   d) orientis 1b; orientalem 2.   e) ex 2.   f) deest 2.

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Part VII
English

And Rothari reigned seventeen years. And after him reigned Aripert nine years. And after him reigned Grimoald.[1] At this time the emperor Constantinc departed from Constantinople and came into the territories of Campania and turned back to Sicily and was killed by his own people. And Grimoald reigned nine years, and after him Berthari reigned.[2]

[1] The Modena MSS. adds “seventeen years.” [2] The Modena MSS. omits the sentence regarding Berthari.

Part VII
Latin

Et regnavit Rothari(g) annos decem et septem. {653} Et post ipsum regnavit Aripert(h) annos novem. {662} Et post ipsum(i) regnavit Grimoald. Eo tempore exivit Constantinus imperator de Constantinopolim, et venit in partes Campaniae, {663} et regressus(k) est in Sicilia, et occisus est a suis. {668} 

[Et(l) regnavit Grimoald annos novem; {671} et post ipsum regnavit Berthari(m)].(*) 

*)  In 1a. b sequitur Rotharis regis prologus cum serie regum Langobardorum; in 2 catalogus maximam partem ex hac petitus, ita: Primus rex Langobardorum fuit Agelmud ex genere Guingus, secundus Lamicho; tertius Letb; quartus Fildehoc, filius Let; quintus Godehoc; sextus Claffo, filius Godeoc; septimus Tato, filius Claffoni; octavus Wacho, filius Unichis, nepus Tatoni; nonus Waltari; decimus Audoinus ex genere Gaugus; undecimus Alboinus, filius Audoin, qui exercitum in Italiam adduxit(n); duodecimus Clep; terciodecimus Authari, filio Claffoni; quartodecimus Agiluf Turingus ex genere Anawat; quintodecimus Adalwald, filius Agluf; sextodecimus Ariovald ex genere Caupus; septimodecimo Rothari rex, filius Nanding, ex genere Arodus. Nondingus, filius Noconi; Noco, filius Alamund; Alamund, filius Alamand; Alamand, filius Ilzoni; Ilzo, filius Veiloni; Veilo, filius Weoni; Weo, filius Fachoni; Faccho, filius Mammoni; Mammo, filius Utfora.

Post Grimuald, ut supra, regnavit Pertari annis 18. Postea Cunipert, filius eius, regnavit annis 13. Liutpert, filius Cunipert, regnavit annis 5. Aripert, filius Rachipert, regnavit annis 12. Asprand regnavit annis 3. Liudprand filius eius regnavit annis 23. Utprand regnavit menses 8. Post ipsum regnavit Achis(o), filius Pimoni, annis 5, Post ipsum regnavit Aistulfus, frater eius, annis 8, qui persecutus est a rex Francorum. Post ipsum regnavit Desiderius annis 17 et menses 3, et ductus est captivus in Francia, et postea regnavit Karolus annis 40.

Septem lineis vacuis relictis codex pergit:

SUCCESSIONES IMPERATORUM POST DOMINI NOSTRI JESU CHRISTI INCARNATIOMEM. Christus natus est 42. Octaviani imperatoris anno – – Decedente Justiniano, Pipinus primus regnare(p) cepit. Defuncto Pipino regnavit Karolus. Mortuo Karolo, regnaverunt Pipinus et Karlomannus. Post Pipinum Karolus imperator factus fuit. Post decessum Karoli imperavit Hlodovicus, eius filius.

g) Rothari rex 2.   h) Ariperto 1b,   i) postea regnavit Grimoald annis septem 2.   k) egressus 2.   l) Et – Berthari des. 2.   m) Vertari rex 1b.   n) abhinc manus sec. usque ad Karolus a. XL. Tunc redit prima c.   o) ita pro Racbis.   p) regna c.

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Here is a cool pic from a recent National Geographic special issue:

The boundaries of the “Hun Empire” are, of course, highly speculative.

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Incidentally, if you look at that list of “rulers” in the Gotha Codex version of the Origo Gentis Langobardorum what we are told essentially is that the first ruler of the Langobards was Godoin which, surely, is Odin. After Godoin/Odin, there came Peron.

Note that this is a later version of the Origo where “Wotan” has been removed and replaced with “Provenance.” But it seems, perhaps, he survived the editing as a Langobard king.

Note that this also explains the Polish “Gody”, traditionally, a spring ritual but more generally and originally any holiday.

For more of the First (Odin/Yas) and Second (Wtor/Peron) see here. These names also show up in the Cosmography of Aethicus Ister.

What is the origin of the word Slav? The most popular suggestion has been that it is derived from “suowo” meaning “word.” The main argument for this is that the Teutons are decribed by Slavs as “Niemcy” which has been interpreted to mean the “mute ones.”

This is stupid for a number of what should be obvious reasons.

First of all, someone who does not speak your language is not a “mute” or deaf person. Any moron can see that there is a difference between a mute/deaf person and someone who can hear and talk and make sounds but does not speak your particular language.

Second, in Slavic, a mute person is either a “niemowa” (noun) or a “niemy” (adjective). Not a “Niemiec.” The plural of niemowa is niemowy. The plural of niemy is niemi. Neither plural form derived from these singulars is Niemcy.

Third, and for the above reasons, Niemcy cannot and, indeed, does not, therefore, mean “mute ones.”

Since the “mute” German counterpart to the loquacious Slav falls away so does the rest of the  house of cards built on that false pairing; starting, of course, with the suggestion that the word “Slav” is tracked back to the Slavic word for “word”, that is with słowo (pron. suovo).

However, that said, the word Niemcy may, indirectly, help explain the word Slav. To understand how you have to first answer what that word really means in Slavic.  The answer is ridiculously simple.

Niemcy may simply mean “not us” or “not we” – nie my.

Thus, the counterpoint Slav has to mean “we” or “us”.

And, unsurprisingly, there is an appropriate word for that concept in Slavic languages: swoi. This word which is pronounced “svoi” means “one’s own” or “ours.”

The Slavic word swoboda, pronounced svoboda, means “freedom.” If, as I suspect, the Herodotic Budinoi, simply meant the “people”, or “those that are” then swo-bodni would simply mean “our people” or even – notice the common IE word “be” (budet)  at the bottom here – “our buds” or “our bodies,” which can also be translated as “free” (because they are ours ourselvses and not theirs) bodies. Hence swoboda means freedom.

Swoi (pron. svoi) or swobodni (pron. svobodni) was thus the starting point. It is from those concepts that the concept of the “word” then sprung as a derivative – słowo/suovo/slovo, that is the operative linguistic/communication unit of “one’s own people.” In other words, Slavs, “our people” came first and the word for “word” came later.

That this has to be the case can be easily shown by simply pointing out that the first concept (of one’s own people) is naturally the simpler, the likely more “needed/useful” at the very base of human familial or tribal functioning, and hence the older one. The concept of a “word” as a unit of language is necessarily more “sophisticated,” more abstract, and hence a later one.

From the words for “one’s own” thus came Suavs (in the West, where the “u/v” remained preserved) and Slavs (in the East, where the “u/v” gradually became an “l” as Suavs migrated East).

I have little doubt that the Suevi – both those in Germany and those in Sweden (Svenska – there is that “word” again! – compare with Polska!) were the ancestors of western Slavs, that is Suavs (though some of these Suevi became ancestors too of some of today’s Germans, Dutch, Frenchmen, Swedes and even Britons/Irish). Similar influences also appear in some of Romance languages.

As regards, the Teutonic tongues, I think a major clue as to their provenance is found in the far eastern Tocharian which, some found this surprising, was a centum language. That is where we should look for the ancestors of Germanic (and indeed Gallic) languages whose speakers at some point in time moved northwards (notice that Herodotus’ Thyssagetae – thyssae being an indisputably Germanic word – lived NNE of the Budinoi), made their way into Scandinavia, displacing the native pre-Suiones and then kept erupting south into continental Europe in search of the riches of the Roman republic and later of the Roman empire.

Some of those Teutons:

• became Galls (transfering their name for the Westernmost Suavs – the Armorican Veneti – to the Romans),
• others were Goths and related peoples (transferring their name for the Easternmost Slavs – the Tacitean Veneti – to the Romans)
• while other such motley brigands – aptly referred to as the Alemanni – took over the central lands of the Suevi, and indeed the very name eventually, much as the later German invaders appropriated the name of the Baltic Prussians who, to the extent they survived, found themselves – with the same name – but under a new management.

That the Teutons raided deep into Suavic territory is evident not just from antiquity but also from the Middle Ages. It is thus that the Slavic Polanie were conquered by the Rus and, in this case, it was the conquerors that gave the conquered their own name.

Similarly, earlier, the Suavic Winnuli were conquered by the Langobards and “became” the historic Langobards (thus, we have in the records a strange combination of different Langobardic names some of which – such as Zuchillo, Tatto, Cleb/Cleff, Lethuc, Wisigarda, Winsilan (same as Wenezlan?), Pero(n?)*, Drocton (“gente Suavus”) – may well have been Suavic). In a similar vein, the whole Langobard-“Vandal” battle could be explained as, basically, a struggle between the Langobard conquered Winnuli and the independent Winnuli or, maybe, even as a Winnuli rebellion against the Langobard newcomers. As we know, the Langobards subjugated the “Suavi” (Eo tempore inclinavit wacho suavos sub regno langobardorum). This has been interpreted as referring to the Germanic Suevi (albeit here written already as Suavi) but that is because the assumption has been that the Suavs could not possibly be the same as (just Western) Slavs. Such an assumption would explain the Slavs’ presence in Germania but would also ruin the picture of Tacitean Germania as a Scandinavian Theme Park.

* This name (as well as Winsilan) appears in the Gotha Codex (“… ante Peronem… post Peronem…”).

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This post does not require a commentary:

The Slavic word for a “star” is as follows (among others):

• zvijezda (Croatian)
• hvězda (Czech)
• звезда (zvezdá) (Russian)
• звезда, (zvezda) (Serb)
• hviezda (Slovak)
• zvezda (Slovene)
• gwiazda (Polish)

The Ukrainian uses a different word “zorya” (зоря, зірка) etymologically equivalent with the Polish zorza (that is “aurora”) having to do with “shine/heat/sight”.  The Belorussian has both variations: “zorka” (зорка) like the Ukrainian and then zvyazda (звязда) like the other Slavic languages.

Now, all of this is interesting because in virtually every other IE language, the star is an entirely different word:

• stjerne (Danish)
• ster (Dutch)
• Stern (German)
• star (English obviously)
• stjerne (Norwegian)
• stjärna (Swedish)

This not limited to Germanic languages. Same root appears in Latin languages:

• estrella (Spanish, Catalan)
• estrela (Portuguese)
• stella (Italian)
• stea (Romanian)

and beyond:

• astéri (Greek)
• astgh (Armenian)
• setareh, setâre (Persian)
• tāro (Gujarati)
• taara (Hindu)
• tārā (Sanskrit)

even beyond IE:

• izar (Basque)

The word “asterisk” (“little star”) is derived from the “other IE” group. In my view the word “tarot” is also of the same origin.

The only IE group that is cognate with the Slavic languages here is the Baltic group:

•  žvaigždė (Lithuanian)
•  zvaigzne (Latvian)

In fact, there are two separate groups here.  The Slavic/Baltic and other IE. The former have their own star based words but they mean “old”. Strangely, these too might be related and thus, “stare gwiazdy” means “old stars” in Polish.

Why two different roots for the same concept?

Who knows but the Baltic group might provide an interesting hint:

Specifically, compare the Polish gwiazda with the Lithuanian žvaigždė. What happened here is that we have:

• g – v – z in Polish but
• z – v – g in Lithuanian

Someone got inverted it seems… let’s assume that the original version was closer to Lithuanian – so what could that mean?

There is an English word “twig” which also appears in other Germanic languages. For example, in German we have Zweig.

Zweig means a “branch”. And the Lithuanian žvaigždė corresponds to Zweig. How is that again? Well, one way to think of stars (just think of the Zodiac) is as representations of earthly concepts.

A star would then be a branch point from which the imaginary line would lead to another star to sketch out the overall picture.

In fact, one such specific concept would be the concept of a gigantic universal tree where each star is a branch point. This would, of course, be Yggdrasil. How, however, such a concept (with a Germanic origin) became transferred into Baltic and Slavic languages (but only into those), I can’t tell or even begin to guess.

Other interesting things about different “star names”

The Korean name for star is byeol – which sounds like the Slavic byel, meaning whiteness (and which, in the former case, may be connected to various Baal words).

The Maltese word for star is niġma which seems strangely connected with the Latin/Mediterranean  aenigma (although an Arabic etymology exists too – but is it original or itself a derivative?)

Finally, the Breton language – has the word steredenn – stary dzien – old day? Not so fast. Stered means stars and the suffix -enn just serves to create the singular or “singulative” form.

But, Breton (note Bretagne is where the ancient Armorican Veneti fought Caesar) has other interesting words… For example, there is the singulative word for a “tree” – ur wezenn. What is the plural of that word (that is “trees“):

gwez

which would give us the g – v – z form as the original one…

Moreover, as a reader points out citing Brueckner’s Polish etymological dictionary:

“gwozd, gozd, ‘forest’, still known and used in the 15th century, completely forgotten today, the word is preserved in the name for the coat of arms Gozdawa (that is, perhaps, meaning “of the forest”).

Note too that gwóźdź means a “nail” which suggests an etymology for that word as well, that is, that  gwoździe meant “trees”. Similarly, you have the word goździk, an obvious diminutive of gozd, for a carnation. Interestingly, Brueckner himself thought the word gwiazda (star) was cognate with the word kwiat (flower).

Thus we have two potential explanations or at least connections:

• the Germanic – Baltic Zweig version (z – v – g)
• the Breton – Slavic gwez version (g – v – z)

The idea that the world is a tree can also be supported by this image, perhaps alluded to in the picture above already:

When lighting strikes doesn’t that look like roots of a plant or a tree seen from the bottom?

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